![]() In these examples /s/ has been deleted form "spider" and /n/ from "ant". ![]() In cluster reduction part of the cluster is omitted. In this phonological process, weak syllables are omitted when the child says the word.Ĭonsonant clusters occur when two or three consonants occur in a sequence in a word. In "telephone" and "tidying" the second syllable is "weak" or unstressed. Syllables are either stressed or unstressed. In these examples: (1) the /b/ in "cupboard" causes the /k/ to be replaced /p/, which is the voiceless cognate of /b/, and (2) the /g/ in "dog" causes /d/ to be replaced by /g/. The pronunciation of the whole word is influenced by the presence of a particular sound in the word. 'sh' is replaced by /s/, and 'zh' is replaced by /z/. The fricative consonants 'sh' and 'zh' are replaced by fricatives that are made further forward on the palate, towards the front teeth. Hence /k/ is replaced by /t/, /g/ is replaced by /d/, and 'ng' is replaced by /n/. In these examples, /m/ is omitted (or deleted) from "home" and /f/ is omitted from "calf".Ī velar consonant, that is a sound that is normally made with the middle of the tongue in contact with the palate towards the back of the mouth, is replaced with consonant produced at the front of the mouth. The final consonant in the word is omitted. Here, /d/ has been replaced by /t/ and /g/ has been replaced by /k/. Other examples might include /t/ being replaced by /d/, or /f/ being replaced by /v/.Ī final voiced consonant in a word is replaced by a voiceless consonant. In the examples given, /p/ is replaced by /b/, and /k/ is replaced by /g/. PHONOLOGICAL PROCESS (Phonological Deviation)Ī voiceless sound is replaced by a voiced sound. Phonological Processes in Normal Speech Development These “errors” are sometimes called phonological processes, or phonological deviations. The gradual process of acquiring adult speech patterns is called phonological development.Īll children make predictable pronunciation errors (not really “errors” at all, when you stop to think about it) when they are learning to talk like adults. § Typically eliminated by 2.Search Speech and Articulation Skills Checklist ![]() Denasalization – the substitution of a nasal consonant (“n” or “m”) with a non-nasal consonant (“b” or “d”) Reduplication – the repetition of a complete or incomplete syllable in substation for a wordģ. § Typically outgrown by age three but can linger until age nine in more severe cases of phonological delayĢ. Assimilation – when a consonant sound in a word starts to sound the same as another consonant in the word § The unstressed syllable is usually the one children eliminateĪssimilation processes: when sounds/syllables start to sound like surrounding soundsġ. Syllable reduction – the elimination of a syllable from a word that contains two or more syllables § Typically experienced by children with more sever phonological delaysĤ. Initial consonant deletion – the elimination of the beginning consonant of a word Final Consonant Deletion – the elimination of the final consonant in a wordģ. § Usually outgrown by 4 years old except for words starting with “s”Ģ. Cluster reduction – the reduction of a consonant cluster (two consonants next to one another) to one consonant Syllable Structure Processes: syllables are reduced, omitted or repeatedġ. Fronting - the term used when sounds that should be made in the back of the mouth (velar) are replaced with a sound made in the front of the mouth (alveolar) § Depending on the fricative sound this process is eliminated between the ages of three and sixĥ. § Age of elimination of this process varies from child to childĤ. Vowelization – the substitution of a vowel sound for “l” or “er” sounds § Typically only occurs in children with more sever phonological delaysģ. Backing – the substitution of a sound produced in the front of the mouth (like “t” or “n”) with a sound produced in the back of the mouth (like “k” or “g”) Gliding – the substitution of a liquid sound (typically letter “l” or “r”) with a glide sound (letters “w”, “y” or “j”)Ģ. Substitution Processes: replacing one class of sounds for another class of soundsġ. Speech-Language Pathologists (Profession) Speech-Language-Hearing Assessments (Assessment category) Please include attribution to with this graphic. By age five most children naturally outgrow their use of phonological error patterns.Ĭlick here for a printer-friendly version of this infographic They do this because they lack the ability to appropriately coordinate their lips, tongue, teeth, palate and jaw for clear speech. Phonological processes: patterns of sound errors that typically developing children use to simplify speech as they are learning to talk.
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